Botony NCERT

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• Pond shallow simple sustained water body exhibit basic
• Abiotic components ponds water rich soil deposit bottom
• Climatic condition affect  pond ecosystem solar input cycle
• Autotrophic components pond phytoplanktons,algae,floating,submerged marginal plants
• Consumers ponds zooplanktons,free swimming  and bottom dwelling forms
• Decomposers pond fungi,bacteria flagellates of
• Filament long slender stalk.its proximal attached thalamus petal
• Anther terminal typically bilobed structure
• Fungal disease rust(brown rust wheat,red rot sugarcane late
• Bacterial disease black rot crucifers
• Mosaic viral disease tobacco turnip
• Method breeding disease resistance 1.conventional 2.mutation
• Temperature effects kinetics enzyme basal metabolism,and  physiological factors
• Eury thermal  they tolerate thrive wide range temp
• Stenothermal  tolerate narrow range temperature
• Water temp next to
• Plant depend water productivity distributioin
• Aquatic waters role chemical composition ph
• Salt inland the of <5 
• Salt sea in 30-35
• Hypersaline lagoons in >100
• Eury haline tolerate wide range salinities
• Stenohaline tolerate narrow range salinity
• Light sunlight photoperiodism ultimate source energy
• Fruit fly week 2
• Tortoise 100
• Reproduction ensures continuity species what
• Hw types reproduction asexual sexual
• Speciality asexual reproduction clone,similar,unicellular single parent
• Type asexual reproduction fission,budding,vegetative propagation
• Fission protists monerans eg for
• Type fissio binary multiple two
• Binary fission ameoba paramecium eg
• Multiple fission amoeba plasmodium eg
• Budding  small bud,mature,detach,new
• Budding hydra,sponge,yeast eg for
• Asexual reproductive structure zoospore,conidia,gemmules other
• Zoospores algae protist microscopic motile structure
• Conidia pencillium
• Gemmules sponge
• Vegeatative propagules runner,rhizome,sucker,tuber,offset,bulb eg for
• Monosporic developments conversion ovule form embryou sac
• Egg apparatus cells synergids 2
• Grass family cotyledon called scutellum
• Seed consist of  coat,cotyledons,an embryo axid
• Albuminous seed  pea groundnut,beans non
• Albuminous seed wheat,maize barley,castor,coconut,sunflower
• Perisperm remnant nucellus present-black pepper,beet
• Wall ovvary pericarp of
• Fleshy fruit guava,orange,mango
• Dry fruits groundnuts,mustards
• Fruits types true fuits  false
• Moet multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology
• Abiotic factors temp,water light,soil eg
• Temp ecological relevant environmental factors
• Ls butterfly of 2
• Ls crow of 15
• Ls cow of 22
• Ls parrot of 14
• Ls crocodile of 60
• Horse 40
• Reproduction process organism rise  young similar
• Life span period birth natural death organism represent
• Organism death unicellular with no
• Ls elephant of 50
• Ls dog of 22
• Vegetative propagation buds potato,banana,ginger form notches bryophyllum
• Juveline  phase period growth reach maturity sexual reproduction
• Understant end vegetative phase flowering
• Annual binneal plant show perrinial clear cut vegetative
• Unusual floweing bamboo srobilanthus kunthiana
• Bamboo flower yrs lifetime once
• Strobilanthus kunthiana flowers years once
• Stages reach reproduction juveline-physio morpho chang-repro
• Primates cows,sheep,rat,deer,dog,tiger non
• Primates monkey,apes,human
• Oestrous mentrous cycle change undergo activities ovary,accesory duct
• Scenesce concomitant occur what happens
• Responsible life phase change hormones
• Events sexual reproduction prefertilisation.fertilisation post fertilisation
• Prefertilisation consist of  gametogenesis gamate transfer
• Homogametes algae gametes similar chatagorise genders
• Heterogamates male female gamtes distinguished
• Male female gamates called  antherozoids egg
• Dioecious plants papaya date palm
• Monoecious cucurbits cocunut eg for
• Homothallic bisexual
• Heterothallic unisexual
• Hermaphrodites bisexual animal
• Bisexual animal earthworm,leech,sponge,tapeworm eg for
• Animals unisexual cockroach higher eg
• Haploid meiocytes monera,fungi,algae,bryophytes eg for
• Diploid moecyte pteridophytes,gymnosperm,angiosperm,animals eg for
• Syngamy process fusion gamates form zygote
• Parthanogenic animal rotifers,honeybee,lizard,birds eg for
• Aprthanogenesis female gamates develops organism fertilisation
• Types fertilisation internal external of
• External fertilisation algae,bony fishes,amphibians eg
• Internal fertilisation fungi,animal-reptiles,birds,mammal,plants-bryophyte,pteri,gymn,ang eg for
• Occurs process embryogenesis division differentiation cell
• Ecosystem functional unit nature living organisms interact surrounding
• Terrestial ecosystem forest grassland,desert
• Aquatic ecosystem pond,lake,wetland,river,estuary
• Man made ecosystem crop fields aquariums
• Entire biosphere regarded global ecosystem
• Function unit ecosystem biotic abiotic
• Stratification vertical distribution species occupyin  levels 
• Stratification trees top vertical  strata  shrubs herbs bottom
• Basic components functioning ecosystem 1.productivity  2.decomposition 3.energy flow
• Autotrophs pond perform ecosytem inorganic organic light heterotrophs
• Primary production amount biomass organic matter produced unit
• Unit primary production of
• Productivity rate biomass production the
• Unit productivity of
• Type productivity npp,gpp two of
• Gpp gross primary productivity rate production organic matter
• Npp net primary productivity gpp-r(respiration loss
• Secondary productivity rate formation organic matter consumers
• Primary productivity depend on  plant species inhabiting area
• Annula net primary productivity billion tons dry weight-70
• Decomposition breakdown complex organic matter  by decomposers inorganic
• Dead detritus plant remainingsuch leaves bark,flowers remains animal,including
• Steps decomposition a.fragmentation b.leaching c.catabolism d.humification e.mineralization
• Fragmentation breakdown detrirus smaller particles detritovores-earthworm
• Leaching  process water soluble inorganic nutrients soil horizon
• Catabolism degradation detritus simpler inorganic  substance bacterial fungal
• Humification accumulation humus soil decompose slowly serves reserve
• Mineralization releasse inorganic nutrients dueto degradation humus microbes
• Factors affecting decomposition chemical composition detritus climatic temp
• Detritus chemical composition decomposition rate slow rich lignin
• Temp decomposition climatic facter soil moisture affect warm
• Energy source sun deep sea hydro thermal ecosytem
• Par sun photosynthetically active radiation
• Plant capture par 2-10 of
• Ecosystem obey 2nd law thermodyanamics constand supply energy
• Producers organism depend food  all
• Primary producers aquatic  phytoplankton,algae,higher plant
• Beginning detritus food chain death organism
• Simple grazing foodchain grass goat-man
• Gfc grazing food chain
• Dfc begins dead matters.it made decomposer saprotrophs heterotrophic
• Decomposers meet energy degrading dead organic matteror detritus 
• Material decomposr degrade food produce enzyme breakdown dead
• Aquatic ecosystem major conduit energy gfc
• Terrestial major conduit energy is  dfc
• Trophic level specific place organisms natural food chain
• 1st trophic level phytoplanktons,grass trees
• 2nd trophic level zooplanktons grasshoper,cow
• 3rd trophic level birds fishes,wolf
• 4th trophic level man,lion
• Food web interconnectionof chain called
• Standing crop trophic level mass living material aparticular
• Measured standing crop mass living organisms number  in
• Trophic level gfc restricted  transfer energy law 
• Levels law energy transfered trophic lower
• Ecological pyramids represenaition food chain form  pyramid called
• Types ecological pyramids a.pyramid number b.pyramid biomass c.pyramid
• Higher energy lower levels is  level-hrbivorous number carnivorous
• Inverted biomass examples pyramids insects feeding big tree
• Energy lost form heat how
• Ecological pyramids limitaion account thesame species belonging trophic
• Ecological succession  a gradual slow predictable change species
• Community climax equilibrium environment that
• Succession leads incerease number decline species
• Sere entire sequence community successively  change area
• Community seral stages individual transitional termed
• Successive seral stage occur change i n diversity
• Succession evolution parallel  earlier times
• Succession types primary secondary is
• Succession primary takes place li ving  organism existed
• Primary succession newly cooled lava,bare rocks,newly created pond
• Primary succession speed slow very
• Succession secondary place area existed organism lost
• Forsecondary succession abondoned farmland,brned cut forest,land flooded
• Species invade depend condition e soil,availibility water
• Succession vegetation affect food shelter  of organism
• Stage convert seral succession earlier deforestation fire human
• Types succession plant hydrarch xerarch
• Succession hydrarch takes place wetter areas.the series progress
• Xerarch succession takes place dry areas.the series progress
• Succesion leads to  medium water condition-mesic
• Species invading bare area called pioneer
• Rna source comlpemntary infection viruses mobile genetic element
• Primary succession rocks-xerophytic habitat 1.lichen-secrete acids dissolve rock
• Remain climax community stable long environment unchanged
• Primary succesion water 1.phytoplankton 2.free floating angiosperms 3.rooted
• Standing state amount nutrient carbon,nitrogen,phosphorous calcium present soiil
• Standing state varies kind ecosystem seasonal basis
• Nutrient cycle(biogeochemical cycles movement elements components acosystem
• Cycle nutrient types a.gaseous b.sedimentary
• Cycle gaseous reservoir exist atmosphere(nitrogen carbon
• Sedimentary cycle reservoir located earths crust(sulphur phosphorous
• Rate release nutrient based soil moisture,ph,temperature
• Reservoir meets deficit nutrients due to  imbalance ratte
• Reservoir c atm-1 orga(dry weight)-49 ocean-regualte atmospheric co2-71% 
• C cycle occur atmo,ocean,living dead organism
• C fixed photosyntheses  kg how
• Lost amount c how  sediment removed circulation
• Role human activities carbon cycle deforestation burning fossil
• Reaervoir p constituent biological membrane,nucleic acid,cellular  enrgy transfer
• Natural reservoir p rock(in form phosphates
• P cycle flowchart  refer text book
• Difference b/w c andp cycle refer text
• Ecosystem services products processes  the
• Healthy ecosystem provide purify air d water habitat
• Price tagged nature life support servicess robert constanza
• Price ecosystem service trillion dollar global gross national
• Contribution soil trillion of to
• Recreation nutrient cycle trillion and
• Climatic regulation habitat wildlife rc
• Biotechnology deals techniques live organisms enzymes products processes
• Efb european federaion biotechnoly of
• Biotechnology-efb defines biotechnology integrationof natural science cells parts
• Gene biotechnology deals microbe mediated invitro synthesis preparation
• Principle biotechnology a.genetic engineering b.maintanace sterile ambience
• Genetic engineering technique ehich material chemically altered indroduced
• Sterile ambience traditionamethod leads inclusion multiplcation undesired gene
• Recombinanat dna emerged possibility linking gene antibiotic resistance
• Isolated antibiotic resistance gene stanley cohen herbert boyer
• Dna host basic step genetically modifying organism 1.identification
• Tools recombinant dna technology 1.restriction enzyme 2.cloning vector
• Enzyme restriction found 1963-two responsible restricting growth bacteriophage
• Restriction endonuclease hind ii first
• Sequence recognition pair restriction enzymes cut
• Restriction enzyme found strain bacteria
• Enzyme naming restriction ecori  roman number =the order
• Type nuclease exonucleases endonucleases two
• Exonuclease remove nucleotides ends dna
• Endonucleases  cut specific position dna
• Cut specific restriciton endonuclease dna recognize sequence strands
• Sequence palindromic dna base pair reads direction orientation
• End sticky restriciton enzyme cut dna awy palindromic
• Pros sticky ends form h bond complementary cut
• Gel electrophorosis dna fragments formed restriction enzyme seperated
• Process electrophorosis made move anode ve chargedunder electric
• Smaller sized fragments move faster
• Identified visualised staining ethidium bromide exposture uv rays-bright
• Gel elution seperated dna bands cu agarose extracted
• Cloning vectors dna molecule carry foreign  dna segment
• Cloning vector plasmid bacteriophage eg
• Feature cloning vector a.ori b.selectable marker c.cloning site
• Ori sequence replication starts piece dna linked replicate
• Transformanants selectable marker helps select
• Transformation procedure piece dna indroduced host bacterium
• Selectable marer  e choli ampicilin chloramphenicol,tetracyclin kanamycin 
• Gene ligation alien carried antibiotic resistance
• Alternate selectalbe marer chromogenic substrate  lined enzyme alpha
• Deliver agrobacterium tumifaciens pathogen dicot plants t dna
• Retrovirus  transform normal cells cancerous
• Dna ice making host competetnt hydrophilic passage cell
• Method indroduce alien dna host cell micro injection
• Microinjection recombinant dna directly injected nucleas animal cell
• Biolistic cells ombareded high velocity micro particle gold
• Transpons mobile  gentic elements
• Dna gene processes recombianat technology 1.isolation genetic material
• Isolation genetic material cell treated  enzymes lysozyme bacteria
• Rna removed ribonucleases how is
• Dna precipitated treated chilled ethanol
• Dna cutting specific location incubate purified restriction enzyme
• Pcr synthesis mulitiple copies gene interest  in vitro
• Primers small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides complementary region dna
• Dna polymerease extend primers nucleotide genomic amplified 1billion
• Amplification thermostable dna polymerease thermus aquaticus
• Ultimate aim recombinant dna technology produce desirable products
• Protein recombinant encoding gene expressed heterologous host 
• Bioreactor large produce quantities products volumes  of culture
• Bioreactor vessels  raw material biologically converted specific products
• Reactor facilitate mixing stirred tank cylindrical curved base
• System control bioreactor agitator oxygen delivery foam temp
• Stream processing series processes seperation purification products biosynthetic
• Applications biotechnology a.biopharmaceuticals b.therapeutics c.diagnostics d.gmc agriculture e.processed
• Critical reserch areas a.providing catalyst form improved organism
• Food production agriculture options increasing a.agro chemical bassed
• Gmo plants bacteria fungi animals whise genes altered
• Reduce plants advantage gmo moretolerant abiotic stress chemical
• Pest resistant plants bio pesticides eg-bt cotton,rice,tomato,potato,soyabean
• Bt  bacillus thuringensis
• Bt kill coleopterans-beetles lepidopterans-tobacco budworm dipterans-flies mosquitoes
• Protein doesnt kill bt exist inactive protoxin
• Protein kill insect ingest inactive toxin activated due
• Protein kill toxin bind surface midgut epithelial cells
• Gene produce protein cry which
• Cryiac cryiiab cotton bollworm and
• Cryiab corn borer
• Nematode meloidegayne incognito infecttion removed rna interference 
• Rnai amethod cellular defense eukaryotic  organisms.it prevents translation
• Nematode specific resisted gene indroduced produce sense antisense
• Recombinant medicine goo mass production safe effective therapeutic
• Gmo medicine certified india how
• Structure insulin short polypeptide chain b linked disulphide
• Prohormone  mammal insulin produced prohormone consisit extra structure
• Found artificial insulin eli lilly american company 
• Made artificial insulin dna sequence corres b seperately
• Gene therapy method correcting defect diagnosed ina child
• Gene therapy carried outo  inserted person cell tissue
• Gene therapy year girls ada(adenosine deaminasse deficiency
• Ada occurs h deletion gene fot ad crucial
• Early method curing ada bone marrow transplantation enzyme
• Ada gene therapy lymphocyte grown culture cdna indroduced
• Molecular diafnosis recombinant dna technology  pcr elisa
• Detect pcr diagnosis hiv powerful mutation
• Pcr ssdna ssrna tagged allowed hybridise complementary dna
• Antigen antibody elisa based principle interaction protein,glycoprotein pathogen
• Animals transgenic whhose genome altered indroduction extra gene
• Study safety benefit transgenic animals normal physiology development
• Study factors normal physiology development transgenic animals geneare
• Study contribution genes development disease investigation treatment cancer
• Biological products alpha antitripsin treat emphysema pku cystic
• Rosie protein enriched milk.alpha lactalbumin balanced human beings
• Vaccine safety mice monkeys and
• Toxxicity testingos compare tran toxic environment
• Problem ethical issues unpredictable results patent biopiracy
• Geac genetic engineering approval committee
• Biopiracy basmati rice herbal medicines turmeric neem
• Varieties basumati in india of how
• Biopiracy bioresources  by multinational companies organisation  proper authorisation
• Plants shows sexual reproduction angiosperm
• Flowers morphological embryological structures sites reproduction
• Androecium  whorls stamens of
• Parts stamens a.filament  b.anther two
• Theca dithecous longitudinal grooves runs length wise seperating
• Layers microsporagium circular epidermis,endothecium,middle layer,tapetum
• Fn tapetum nourishes  the developing pollen grain
• Cells tapetum dense cytoplasm nucleas
• Sporogenous tissue gp homogenous cells occupies centre microsporangia
• Cell convert microspore tetrad sporogenous tissue
• Tetrad potential pollen each of
• Microsporogenesis formation microspore pmc meiosis is 
• Microspore dissociated anther matures dehydrate
• Pollen grain spherical pico meter cytoplasm surrounded plasma
• Layer pollen exine intine two
• Exine hard outer layer.made sporopollenin 
• Prop sporopollenin highly resistant enzyme,acid alkaly  degrade
• Sporopolleninis absent germ pore aperture
• Intine wall thin continuos layer made cellulose pectin
• Cells mature pollen grain vegetative generative
• Vegetative cells bigger abundent food reserve large irregularly
• Generative cells small floats cytoplasm vegetative spindle shaped
• Celled pollen grains sheds stages
• Viability pollen grain depend temp humidity
• Viability cereals 30min of
• Leguminoseae,rosa,solan pollen volatality months
• Cons parthenium chronic asthma bronchitis
• Advantages pollen grain increase performance rich nutrients food
• Single pistil monocarpellery
• Pistil multipicarpallary more than one
• Fused pistil syncarpous
• Free pistil apocarpous
• Parts pistiils stigma  style ovary
• Stigma landing platform pollen grains
• Style elongated slender part beneath stigma
• Ovary  basal bulged part pistil
• Locule ovarian the
• Ovules megasporangia
• Ovules plants wheat paddy eg
• Ovules papaya,watermelon,orchid many
• Megasporangium structure attached placenta means stalk-funicle
• Hilum junction body ovule funicle fuse
• Integuments ovule protective envelopes each
• Micropyle integuments encircle ovule expect tip small opening
• Chalaza opposite micropylar end the 
• Nucellus enclosed integuments,there mass cells 
• Nucellus reserve food material contain
• Embryo sac located nucellus  is
• Megasporo genesis
• Filiform synergid special cellular thickening micropylar tip-guide pollen
• Antipodal cells chalazal end the
• Central nucleas 2
• Autogamy flower same
• Autogamy viola common pancy oxalis commelina
• Condition autogamy close synchrony  the
• Type autogamy a.chasmogamous b.cleistogamous two
• Chasmogamous exposed anther stigma and
• Cleisogamous anther stigma close assured seed set
• Geitogamy flower plant different same
• Xenogamy plants flower pollination in
• Agents pollination 1.abiotic 2.biotic of
• Large pollination condition anemophily amount pollen light sticky
• Anemophily corncob-wave tassels winds eg
• Hydrophily water
• Hydrophilya vallisneria hydrilla(fresh water zostera marine sea grasses
• Vallisneria female reaches surfaceof water long stalk male
• Sea grasses female flower remain submerged pollen grain
• Entomophily insects
• Flowers features insect pollinated large colourful fragrant rich
• Amrphophallus yucca deposit egg  in locule 
• Pollen robbers insects consume nector bringing pollination
• Outbreeding devices a.avoiding synchronization b.arrangement anther stigma position
• Synchronization avoiding pollen release stigma receptivity
• Incompatibility  a genetic mechanism prevent pollen fertilization inhibiting
• Autogamy production unisexual flower monoecious prevented  dioecious plant
• Pollen pistil interaction dynamic process involving recognistion promotion
• Pollen pistil interaction place chemical components produced
• Gamtes enters synergids through  micropyle
• Double fertilisation  syngamy triple fusion takes place
• Endosperm cell develop primary central triple fusion  becomes
• Post fertilisation endosperm embryo development
• Endosperm triploid cell primary divides repeatedly forms tissue
• Endosperm cells filled reserve materual 
• Free nuclear endosperm common  endosperm development pen undergoes
• Free nuclear cocunut water eg
• Mono dicot embryogeny early embryonic development
• Zygote give rise proembryo,globular heart shaped,mature  embryo
• Embryo develop micropylar end sac zygote situated
• Fruits true plants develops ovary floral parts degenerate
• False fruits thalamus contribute formation 
• False fruits apple strawberry eg
• Advantages seeds colonize areas food reserve protect young
• Lupine-lupinus arcticus artic tundra years
• Date palm-phoenix dactylifera 2000.king herods
• Apomixis production seeds fertilisation eg.asteraceae grasses
• Polyembryo nucellar cells surrounding embryo sac divide protrud
• Importance apomixis produce year lose hybrid character costly
• Animal husbandary agricultutal oractitice breeding raising livestock applying
• Animal husbandary deals care breeding live stock poultary
• Management dairy farm animals increasing yield quality milk
• Milk yield depend quality breed farm
• Yield potential looked after  feeding cattle  stringent cleaning
• Regular hw ensure hygiene inspection visit vetenary doctor
• Poultry domesticated birds food eggs
• Poultry chicken,ducks,turkey geese eg for
• Farm components poultry management selection disease free suitable
• Breed gp animals related similar general appearence features,size
• Organism breeding modification genotype make humans
• Animal aim breeding increase yield improving desirable qualities
• Type  of breeding  a.inbreeding b.ourbreeding
• Inbreeding mating closely related individuals breed generation
• Process inbreeding superiormale female mated progeny method repeated
• Gene advantage inbreedinf increse homozygosity evolve pure line
• Inbreeding depression continued close reduce fertility productivity
• Change inbreeding deppression mated unrelated superior animal breed
• Breeding unrelated animals out it
• Breeding type crossing,cross interspecific hybridisation
• Crossing mating animals breed common ancestor side pedigree
• Offspring crossing  cross of our
• Pros outcrossing overcome inbreeding depression low productivity,growth rate
• Cross breeding method,superior male mated superior female breed
• Fn cross breeding commercial subjected inbreedingand selection stable
• Cross breeding hisardale sheep developed punjab crossing bikaneri
• Inter specific hybridisation mating male female species
• Interspecific hybridisation mule eg for
• Moet programme herd improvement cow administered fsh activity
• Apiculture maintanace hives honey bee production honey 
• Bee pros honey high nutritive medicinal wax cosmetics
• Important points successful bee-keeping knowledge nature habir selection
• Bees pollinator of  sunflower brassica apple pear
• Fisheries industry catching processing selling fish,shellfish aquatic animals(prawn
• Freshwater fishes catla,rohu common carp
• Marine fish hilsa,sardines,mackeral,pomfrets
• Aqua culture pisciculture are  techniques increase production aquatic
• Blue revolution development flourishing fishing industries
• Plant breeding purposeful manipulation species order create desirable
• Green revolution development flourishing agriculture.it dependent plant breeding
• Classical plant breeding involves hybridisation  of pure lines
• Desirable genes breeders incorporate crop yield,quality tolerance environmental
• Parents steps breeding collection genetic variability evaluation selection
• Germplasm collection entire collectionof plants seeds alleles genes
• Collection genetic variability preservation wild varieties,species relatives cultivated
• Evaluation selection parents germplasm evaluated identify plants desirable
• Cross parents hybridisation selected desirable character combined plants.this
• Desirable limitation cross hybridisation time consuming combine character
• Selection testing superior recombinant crucial success breeding objective
• Testing release commercialization evaluated yield agronomic traits quality
• Field test grown research ideal fertilizers management strategy
• Increase wheat production 11m 75m rice35m-89.5m
• Indroduced semi dwarf  whear nobel naurate norman e.borlayg(international
• High yield disease resistent wheat india sonalika kalyan
• Rice semi dwarf derived ir-8(international research institute taichung
• Semi dwarf rice variety india jaya ratna
• Cane saccharam india sugar barberi bad crossed officinarum(tropical
• Millets:hybrid maize jowar bajra resistant water stress
• Plant breeding disease resistance enhances food production helps
• Conventional methods screening germ plasma resistnr source hybridisation
• Disease resistance variety wheat himgiri leaf stripe rust
• Brassica pusa swarnim(karan rai white rust
• Cauliflower pusa subhra,pusa snowball k-1 bacterial blight
• Mosaic virus chilli pusa sadabahar chilly tobacco leaf
• Mutational breeding create desirable character found parental type
• Breeding mutational mutation chemicals radiation gamma selecting plants
• Mutational breeding mung bean,resistance yellow mosaic virus powdery
• Wild high yield resistance yellow mosaic virus bhindi
• Transfer resistance genes achieved sexual hybridisation b/w  the
• Insect resistance host plants due to  morphological biochemical,physiological
• Hairy leaves resistance jassids cotton cereal leaf beatles
• Stem solid wheat lead preference sawfly
• Smooth leaved nector cotton varieties attract bollworm
• High aspartic acid,low nitrogen sugar leads resistance maize
• Brassica(rapeseed mustards pusa gaurav aphids
• Flat bean pusa sem2,pusa sem3 jassids,aphids,fruit borer
• Pusa okra bhindhi sawami a4 shoot fruit borer
• Hidden hunger billion people suffer mal nutrient,protein vitamin
• Biofortification breeding crop high level nutrients helps improve
• Objectives breeding improved nutriional quality improve protein  oil
• Iron improved nutritional quality plants maize amount amino
• Vegetable crops vitamin minerals released indian agriculture research
• Enriched vitamin vegetable crops richin carrots,spinach,pumpkin;vitamin c bitter
• Scp alternate source proteins animal human nutrition microbed
• Spirulina rich protein minerals fats carbohydrate vitamins.it grown
• 250g micro organism  methylophilus methylotrophus produce tonnes
• Tissue culture technique growing plant cells/tissue/organs sterile cultural
• Totipotency ability generate plant cell/explant 
• Explant part plant grown testtube sterile nutrient media
• Nutrient medium explants carbon source sucrose),inorganic salts,vitamin amino
• Micropropogation method producing thousands plants short  time tissue
• Soma clones plants genetically identical original plant,from grown
• Tissue culture tomato banana,apple eg
• Meristem free virus from the
• Meristem tissue culture banana,sugarcane,potato eg
• Somatic hybridization protoplasts varieties plants desirable gene fused
• Pollution indesirable change physical chemical biological characteristics air
• Govt action environment protection act
• Pollution particulate gaseous air pollutants smokestack thermal powerplant
• Harmful human particulate size pico meter
• Consequences pollution injury organism reduce growth yield affect
• Pollution petrol control air particulate matter seperated lead
• Remove particulate electrostatic precipitators  device matter present exhaust
• Working oof electrostatic precipitors electrode wire charges particles
• Air act amended when is
• Sources sound pollution music instrument loudspeaker crackers industries
• Noise damage effect psychological physiology 150db ear drum
• Control noise pollution sound absorbent material horn free
• Law policies india control vehiculr pollution a.auto fuel
• Auto fuel  laid road map cut vehicular pollution
• Sulphur petrol euro ii norm stipulate controlled  at
• Euro iii april bharat stageii met cities iv
• Water law govt body prevention control pollution  act
• Make sewage unfit impurities what
• Bod amount biodegradable organic matter sewage  water estimated
• Algal bloom planktonic algae grow excessively due nutrients
• Water hyacinth eichhornia crassioes-terror bengal
• Cons water hyacinth reprduce ecosystem imbalance
• Biomagnification accumulation toxicant succesive trophic levels
• Biomagnification mercuty ddt industrial waste
• Biomagnification aquatic food chain water zooplan 0.04}small fishes0.5}large
• Ddt disturbs birds calcium metabolism birds.causes thining eggshell
• Eutrophication natural aging lake  by nutrient enrichment
• Eutrophication induce effluent  from industries homes cultural accelerated
• Prime contaminant eutrophication nitrates phosphates 
• Eutrophication overstimulate algae,unsighty scum robbing oxygen,from lake death
• Waste water treatment arcata,northern coast california humbolt state
• Waste water treatment sedimentation  six connected marshland
• Sedimentation  dangerous pollutant  heavy metal  still remains innovative
• Marsh land treatment connected hectres-  algae fungi plant
• Foam friends arcata marsh of
• Ecological sanitation dry compost,practical hygienic efficient cost effective
• Solid waste refer trash everything
• Municipal solid wastes  wastes homes offices stores schools,hospitals
• Sanitary landfills adopted substitute  for open burning dumps.in
• Tree types wastess biodegradable bio recyclable
• Rag pickers kabadiwallahs
• Ewastes irreparable computers electronic goods e wastes buried
• Polyblend ahmed khan who
• Road polyblend fine powder recycled modified  plastics mixed
• Chemical fertilisers eutrophication cause
• Integrated organic farming cyclical waste procedure products process
• Indroduced iof ramesh chandra dagar
• Effect radioactive wastes accidental leakage safe disposal mutation
• Leakage radioactive material incident mile island chernobyl 
• Safety radioactive sufficient pre treatment.shielded container,buried rocks 500m
• Green house effect natural phenomenon responsible heating earths
• Change imapct global warming deletetious environment resulting odd
• Thickness ozone measured  dobson units
• Uv-b uv absorbed earth mutatio mutation
• Uv b aging skin,damage skin cells,skin cancers.inflammation cornea
• Montreal protocol international treaty canada,1987 signed control emission
• Soil erosion desertification human activities cultivation deforestation grazing
• Forest cover national policy india recommended plant hils
• Slash burn agriculture jhum cultivation deforestation north eastern
• Cons deforestio loss biodiversity,soil erostion hydrologic cycle disturbs
• Award saving trees amrita devi bishnoi wildlife protection
• Chipko movement garhwal himalaya local women hugged axe
• Jfm work closely communities with
• Organisms ecology  study interaction physical  environment
• Ecology concerned level biological organizations organisms population,communities,biomes
• Oecology physiological level explain organisms adapt encvironment terms
• Variation temp seasons rotation earth tilt axis 
• Major biomes desert rain forest tundra formed due
• Forms habitat regional local variation
• Extreme places rajasthan desert,rain soaked meghalaya,deep ocean trenches
• Animal diurnal seasonal variation iin  light intensity photoperiod
• Soil depend nature climate weathering process sedimentation,method development
• Determine percolation water holding capacity soil composition,grain size
• Determine vegetation ph mineral composition topography 
• Determine type benthic animals sediment characteristics
• Type organism  basis homeostasis regulation regulate conform.migrate suspend
• Regulate maintanance homeostasis physiological behavioural  means ensure constant
• Regulates birds mammals vertebrates invetrebrates
• Conform maintain constant temp 99
• Small animals low polar region larger surface area
• Migrate animal birds move temporarily stressful habitat hospitable
• Migrate kiolado national park winter host siberians cold
• Hibernation bears winter during
• Aestivation snails fishes summer of
• Diapause stage suspended development zooplanktons lakes ponds
• Adaptation morphological physiological behavioural  attributes enables organisms survive
• Water adaptation kangaroo rats internal fat oxidation byproduct
• Stomata adaptation desert plants thick cuticle leaf surface
• Adaptation mammal polar region colder climate shorter ears
• Altitude high symptoms sickness nausea heart palpitation fatigue
• Behavioural adaptation desert lizard bask sun species capable
• Population gp individual species live  in geographical area
• Population cormorants wet land rats abondened dwelling teak
• Populationecology important links ecology population genetics evolution
• Population rates attributes birth death sex ratio age
• Birth rates refer capita to
• Death rates refer capita to
• Sex ratio population a has
• Age pyramids  distribution plotted population resulting structure called
• Age gp expanding stable,declining may
• Population sizw density  it number individuals species unit
• Population size chlamydomonas millions of
• Huge banyan parthenium population size measure  %cover biomass
• Population large measured relative density  is trap
• Tiger measured  pug marks fecal pellets
• Population growth depend food availability predation pressure weather
• Basic processes fluctuate population density a.natality b.mortality c.immigration
• Natality  number births population period
• Mortality number deaths population period
• Immigration number individuals species  the habitat
• Figure fluctuation population the of
• Growth models  a.exponential b.logistic
• Exponential growth geometric fasion unlimited resources
• Dn/dt eqn exponential growth b d n rn
• R in dn/dt rn intrinsic rate natural increase important
• R norway rats for 0.015
• R flour beetle for 0.12
• R human population india for
• Integral form exponential growth nt = n o ert
• Logistic growth fittest survive reproduce
• Carrying capacity nature habitat resources support maximum number
• Verhulst-pearl logistic growth intialy lag phase acceleration deceleration
• Eqn logistic growth of
• Population growth curve 
• Breeder pacific salmon fish bamboo
• Small sized  offspring oysters pelagic fishes number large
• Population interaction mutualism competition parasitism predation commensalism amensalism
• Predation carnivore herbivore 25%phytophagous all
• Cactus importance predators  prickly pear cactus.the feeding  predator
• Defenses insect frogs camouflaged cryptically cloured avoid detected
• Monarch butterfly  highly  distasteful predators due special  chemical
• Defense plants thorns acacia,cactus of
• Calotropis  weed growing abondoned field produce highly  poisonous
• Defenses nicotine,caffeine quinine,strychinene opium useful
• Competition potent force organic evolution process fitness species
• Occur interference competition resource abundant presence species feeding
• Unrelated competition flamingoes fishes compete zooplanktons south american
• Abingdon goat galapogas the and
• Competitive species release restricted small geographical area due
• Barnacle competitive release connell's field experiment rockyy sea
• Gause's competitive exclusion principle states closely related species
• Resource partitioning species compete avoid competition choosing  different
• Resource partitioning macarthur  warbler species survive trees difference
• Loss adaptation parasites sense organs presence adhesive organs,sucker
• Parasites human liver fluke depends intermediate hosts snail
• Ecto parasites lice humas ticks dogs cuscuta hedge
• Commensalism orchid growin epiphyte mango branch barnacles growing
• Mutualism lichen  mycorrhizaeo fungi roots
• Bees mutualism b/w plants animal fig trees wasps
• Biomes  due difference precipitation  the
• Pisaster american pacific coast where

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